{"id":10394,"date":"2026-05-19T17:18:36","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T15:18:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/broquetas.com\/?p=10394"},"modified":"2026-05-19T17:36:36","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T15:36:36","slug":"defectes-soldadura-pcb-cold-joints-dry-joints","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/broquetas.com\/ca\/defectes-soldadura-pcb-cold-joints-dry-joints\/","title":{"rendered":"Defectes en soldadura PCB: com identificar i evitar cold joints i dry joints"},"content":{"rendered":"

En qualsevol proc\u00e9s de muntatge electr\u00f2nic<\/strong>, la qualitat d\u2019una uni\u00f3 de soldadura t\u00e9 un impacte directe sobre la fiabilitat del producte final. Una connexi\u00f3 aparentment correcta pot convertir-se, amb el temps, en l\u2019origen de fallades intermitents, problemes t\u00e8rmics o avaries prematures dif\u00edcils de diagnosticar.<\/p>\n

En sectors com l\u2019electr\u00f2nica industrial, l\u2019automoci\u00f3, les telecomunicacions o els dispositius de pot\u00e8ncia, els defectes de soldadura representen una de les principals causes de retraball i rebuig de plaques PCB.<\/p>\n

Problemes com els cold joints<\/em><\/strong> o els dry joints<\/em><\/strong> afecten tant la conductivitat el\u00e8ctrica com la resist\u00e8ncia mec\u00e0nica de la uni\u00f3, comprometent l\u2019estabilitat del sistema a llarg termini.<\/p>\n

Tot i que moltes vegades s\u2019associen \u00fanicament a errors manuals, en entorns industrials la realitat acostuma a ser molt m\u00e9s complexa. L\u2019estabilitat t\u00e8rmica del proc\u00e9s, la qualitat dels materials, la preparaci\u00f3 superficial o la compatibilitat entre aliatges i perfils de reflow tenen un impacte directe sobre la qualitat final de la soldadura.<\/p>\n

Comprendre com es generen aquestes unions defectuoses \u00e9s fonamental per optimitzar processos de producci\u00f3, reduir incid\u00e8ncies i millorar la fiabilitat electr\u00f2nica.<\/p>\n

Per qu\u00e8 els defectes de soldadura afecten la fiabilitat electr\u00f2nica<\/h2>\n

Una uni\u00f3 de soldadura no nom\u00e9s ha de garantir continu\u00eftat el\u00e8ctrica. Tamb\u00e9 ha de suportar vibracions, canvis t\u00e8rmics, humitat i estr\u00e8s mec\u00e0nic durant tota la vida \u00fatil del producte.<\/p>\n

Quan el bonding<\/em><\/strong> entre el terminal i el pad no es realitza correctament, la connexi\u00f3 pot degradar-se progressivament. En molts casos, el defecte no provoca una fallada immediata, sin\u00f3 microinterrupcions<\/strong> o variacions el\u00e8ctriques que apareixen despr\u00e9s de setmanes o mesos de funcionament.<\/p>\n

Aquest tipus d\u2019incid\u00e8ncies s\u00f3n especialment cr\u00edtiques en aplicacions industrials on:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • els equips treballen de forma cont\u00ednua,<\/li>\n
  • existeixen variacions importants de temperatura,<\/li>\n
  • o les plaques estan sotmeses a vibracions constants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    En l\u00ednies SMT automatitzades<\/strong>, fins i tot petites desviacions en humectaci\u00f3 o temperatura poden generar problemes repetitius dif\u00edcils de detectar visualment durant les primeres fases de producci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Per aquest motiu, la prevenci\u00f3 de defectes de soldadura s\u2019ha convertit en una prioritat tant per als departaments de qualitat com per als enginyers de processos SMT.<\/p>\n

    Difer\u00e8ncia entre good solder joint, cold joint i dry joint<\/h2>\n

    Tot i que visualment poden semblar similars, existeixen difer\u00e8ncies importants entre una uni\u00f3 correcta, una cold joint<\/em> i una dry joint<\/em>. La qualitat de la humectaci\u00f3, la transfer\u00e8ncia t\u00e8rmica i l\u2019adhesi\u00f3 metal\u00b7l\u00fargica determinen la fiabilitat final de la connexi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Good solder joint<\/h3>\n

    Una uni\u00f3 correcta<\/strong> presenta una superf\u00edcie homog\u00e8nia, llisa i ben distribu\u00efda sobre el pad i el terminal del component. L\u2019estany flueix correctament i genera una adhesi\u00f3 uniforme, garantint tant conductivitat el\u00e8ctrica com resist\u00e8ncia mec\u00e0nica.<\/p>\n

    En processos industrials automatitzats, aquest tipus d\u2019uni\u00f3 \u00e9s el resultat d\u2019un equilibri correcte entre:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • temperatura,<\/li>\n
    • temps d\u2019exposici\u00f3,<\/li>\n
    • qualitat del flux,<\/li>\n
    • i preparaci\u00f3 superficial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Cold joint<\/h3>\n

      La cold joint<\/em><\/strong> apareix quan l\u2019energia t\u00e8rmica aplicada no \u00e9s suficient per crear una uni\u00f3 metal\u00b7l\u00fargica estable. Tot i que externament pot semblar acceptable, internament presenta una adhesi\u00f3 deficient i una humectaci\u00f3 incompleta.<\/p>\n

      Visualment sol identificar-se per:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • aspecte mat o granulat,<\/li>\n
      • geometria irregular,<\/li>\n
      • flux insuficient,<\/li>\n
      • o manca d\u2019uniformitat a la superf\u00edcie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        En entorns SMT, aquest defecte acostuma a estar relacionat amb:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • perfils t\u00e8rmics mal ajustats,<\/li>\n
        • transfer\u00e8ncia de calor inestable,<\/li>\n
        • o temps insuficients durant el proc\u00e9s de reflow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Dry joint<\/h3>\n

          El dry joint<\/em> <\/strong>est\u00e0 m\u00e9s relacionat amb problemes d\u2019humectaci\u00f3 que no pas amb manca de temperatura. El material d\u2019aportaci\u00f3 no aconsegueix estendre\u2019s correctament sobre les superf\u00edcies met\u00e0l\u00b7liques, generant una connexi\u00f3 parcial i inestable.<\/p>\n

          L\u2019oxidaci\u00f3 superficial, la contaminaci\u00f3 o una activaci\u00f3 insuficient del flux solen ser factors determinants.<\/p>\n

          En processos electr\u00f2nics d\u2019alta precisi\u00f3, aquest tipus de defecte pot passar desapercebut visualment i manifestar-se \u00fanicament despr\u00e9s de cicles t\u00e8rmics o vibracions prolongades.<\/p>\n

          \"Diferencias<\/p>\n

          Qu\u00e8 causa una cold joint en PCB<\/h2>\n

          Les cold joints<\/strong><\/em> s\u00f3n un dels defectes m\u00e9s freq\u00fcents en muntatge electr\u00f2nic, especialment en l\u00ednies on existeixen variacions t\u00e8rmiques o canvis freq\u00fcents de configuraci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Tot i que el problema acostuma a associar-se \u00fanicament a una \u201cmanca de temperatura\u201d, en realitat intervenen m\u00faltiples factors relacionats amb el proc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

          Un dels m\u00e9s habituals \u00e9s un perfil t\u00e8rmic insuficient<\/strong>. Si l\u2019estany no arriba a la temperatura adequada o l\u2019escalfament no \u00e9s uniforme, la soldadura no flueix correctament i la uni\u00f3 perd estabilitat mec\u00e0nica i el\u00e8ctrica.<\/p>\n

          Tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s freq\u00fcent trobar aquest problema en:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • components amb alta massa t\u00e8rmica,<\/li>\n
          • PCB multicapa,<\/li>\n
          • o processos lead-free<\/em>, on les exig\u00e8ncies t\u00e8rmiques s\u00f3n m\u00e9s elevades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Un altre factor important \u00e9s el temps d\u2019exposici\u00f3. Fins i tot amb una temperatura correcta, un contacte massa curt pot impedir una humectaci\u00f3 adequada i generar un bonding<\/em> incomplet.<\/p>\n

            A m\u00e9s, les superf\u00edcies oxidades o contaminades dificulten considerablement l\u2019adhesi\u00f3. Residus, humitat o oxidaci\u00f3 sobre pads i terminals redueixen la capacitat del material d\u2019aportaci\u00f3 per distribuir-se correctament.<\/p>\n

            Principals causes d\u2019una cold joint<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Causa<\/b><\/td>\nEfecte en la uni\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Temperatura insuficient<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0Humectaci\u00f3 incompleta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Temps d\u2019exposici\u00f3 curt<\/td>\nBonding deficient<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            PCB multicapa<\/span><\/td>\nDissipaci\u00f3 t\u00e8rmica irregular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Oxidaci\u00f3 superficial<\/span><\/td>\nMala adhesi\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Perfil reflow incorrecte<\/td>\nUni\u00f3 inestable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

             <\/p>\n

            En l\u00ednies SMT automatitzades<\/strong>, les cold joints<\/em> tamb\u00e9 solen apar\u00e8ixer despr\u00e9s de canvis de velocitat de conveyor o recalibracions incompletes del perfil de reflow.<\/p>\n

            Qu\u00e8 provoca un dry joint i com detectar-lo<\/h2>\n

            A difer\u00e8ncia de les cold joints<\/em>, els dry joints<\/em> estan directament relacionats amb problemes de wetting<\/em><\/strong>. El material de soldadura no aconsegueix \u201cmullar\u201d correctament la superf\u00edcie met\u00e0l\u00b7lica, provocant una adhesi\u00f3 parcial i inestable.<\/p>\n

            En molts casos, l\u2019origen es troba en superf\u00edcies contaminades o amb oxidaci\u00f3 avan\u00e7ada. Fins i tot petites part\u00edcules de brut\u00edcia o residus qu\u00edmics poden alterar significativament el comportament del flux i reduir la capacitat de mullat.<\/p>\n

            L\u2019elecci\u00f3 del flux<\/strong> tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 un paper fonamental. Un flux inadequat o insuficient dificulta l\u2019eliminaci\u00f3 d\u2019\u00f2xids i afecta directament el flux de l\u2019estany durant el proc\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

            En aplicacions industrials, aquest tipus de defecte acostuma a detectar-se mitjan\u00e7ant:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • inspecci\u00f3 AOI,<\/li>\n
            • an\u00e0lisi visual,<\/li>\n
            • proves funcionals,<\/li>\n
            • o inspecci\u00f3 microsc\u00f2pica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Indicadors t\u00edpics d\u2019un dry joint<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Indicador<\/b><\/td>\nQu\u00e9 suele indicar<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Cobertura irregular<\/span><\/td>\nMala humectaci\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Menisc incorrecte<\/td>\nFlux insuficient<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Separaci\u00f3 visible<\/td>\nAdhesi\u00f3 parcial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Acumulaci\u00f3 localitzada<\/td>\nDistribuci\u00f3 inestable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Com reduir defectes en processos SMT i THT<\/h2>\n

              Reduir defectes de soldadura requereix un enfocament global del proc\u00e9s. En la majoria de casos, no existeix una \u00fanica causa a\u00efllada, sin\u00f3 una combinaci\u00f3 de factors t\u00e8rmics, qu\u00edmics i mec\u00e0nics que afecten l\u2019estabilitat de la uni\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              Control del perfil t\u00e8rmic<\/h3>\n

              Un dels aspectes m\u00e9s cr\u00edtics<\/strong> \u00e9s el control del perfil t\u00e8rmic. Cada aliatge i cada tipus de PCB requereix par\u00e0metres espec\u00edfics de temperatura i temps per garantir una humectaci\u00f3 correcta sense generar estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic excessiu.<\/p>\n

              En processos lead-free<\/em>, aquest control \u00e9s encara m\u00e9s important a causa de les temperatures de treball m\u00e9s elevades<\/strong> i del menor marge d\u2019error.<\/p>\n

              Selecci\u00f3 correcta de materials<\/h3>\n

              La qualitat dels materials<\/strong> tamb\u00e9 influeix directament sobre la repetibilitat del proc\u00e9s. Aliatges inestables, fluxos de baixa qualitat o materials amb oxidaci\u00f3 prematura augmenten considerablement el risc de defectes.<\/p>\n

              Neteja i preparaci\u00f3 superficial<\/h3>\n

              Un altre aspecte fonamental \u00e9s la neteja superficial.<\/strong> Una preparaci\u00f3 incorrecta del PCB o dels terminals pot comprometre completament l\u2019adhesi\u00f3, fins i tot quan el perfil t\u00e8rmic \u00e9s correcte.<\/p>\n

              Inspecci\u00f3 i control de qualitat<\/h3>\n

              Finalment, els sistemes d\u2019inspecci\u00f3 i control de qualitat permeten detectar desviacions abans que generin incid\u00e8ncies majors. En entorns industrials avan\u00e7ats \u00e9s habitual combinar:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • AOI,<\/li>\n
              • inspecci\u00f3 per raigs X,<\/li>\n
              • control estad\u00edstic de proc\u00e9s,<\/li>\n
              • i an\u00e0lisi t\u00e8rmica cont\u00ednua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Bones pr\u00e0ctiques per millorar la qualitat de soldadura<\/h2>\n

                L\u2019estabilitat i la fiabilitat<\/strong> d\u2019una uni\u00f3 de soldadura depenen de m\u00faltiples variables. Mantenir un proc\u00e9s consistent \u00e9s clau per reduir defectes i millorar la repetibilitat en producci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la temperatura, existeixen petits detalls de proc\u00e9s que solen marcar la difer\u00e8ncia entre una l\u00ednia estable i una producci\u00f3 amb incid\u00e8ncies recurrents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                Bona pr\u00e0ctica<\/b><\/td>\nBenefici<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Mantenir superf\u00edcies netes<\/td>\nMillor humectaci\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Utilitzar un flux adequat<\/td>\nReducci\u00f3 de l\u2019oxidaci\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Revisar perfils t\u00e8rmics<\/td>\nMajor estabilitat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Controlar l\u2019emmagatzematge<\/td>\nMenor degradaci\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Evitar exc\u00e9s de soldadura<\/td>\nMenys ponts i estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                En l\u00ednies automatitzades, petits ajustos en velocitat o temperatura poden tenir un impacte significatiu sobre la qualitat final de la soldadura.<\/p>\n

                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                \n

                Com escollir materials de soldadura per minimitzar defectes<\/h2>\n

                L\u2019elecci\u00f3 dels materials<\/strong> t\u00e9 un impacte molt m\u00e9s gran del que sovint es considera. No es tracta \u00fanicament de seleccionar un aliatge compatible, sin\u00f3 de garantir estabilitat de proc\u00e9s, repetibilitat i comportament fiable a llarg termini.<\/p>\n

                Factors com:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • capacitat d\u2019humectaci\u00f3,<\/li>\n
                • estabilitat t\u00e8rmica,<\/li>\n
                • comportament lead-free<\/em>,<\/li>\n
                • compatibilitat amb processos autom\u00e0tics,<\/li>\n
                • o resist\u00e8ncia a l\u2019oxidaci\u00f3,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  influeixen directament sobre l\u2019aparici\u00f3 de defectes i la qualitat final del muntatge.<\/p>\n

                  En aplicacions industrials d\u2019alta exig\u00e8ncia, treballar amb materials desenvolupats espec\u00edficament per a processos SMT i THT permet reduir:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • retraballs,<\/li>\n
                  • scrap,<\/li>\n
                  • incid\u00e8ncies de qualitat,<\/li>\n
                  • i temps improductius.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    A Broquetas, gran part del treball t\u00e8cnic se centra precisament a optimitzar aquest equilibri entre estabilitat de proc\u00e9s, comportament t\u00e8rmic i repetibilitat industrial.<\/p>\n

                    Conclusi\u00f3<\/h2>\n

                    Els defectes de soldadura com les cold joints<\/em> i les dry joints<\/em> continuen sent una de les principals causes d’error en muntatge electr\u00f2nic. Tot i que visualment poden semblar defectes menors, el seu impacte sobre la fiabilitat i l\u2019estabilitat del sistema pot ser considerable.<\/p>\n

                    En entorns SMT i THT industrials, optimitzar la qualitat de soldadura no nom\u00e9s millora el rendiment t\u00e8cnic del producte, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 redueix costos operatius, retraballs i riscos de fallada a llarg termini.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    En qualsevol proc\u00e9s de muntatge electr\u00f2nic, la qualitat d\u2019una uni\u00f3 de soldadura t\u00e9 un impacte directe sobre la fiabilitat del producte final. Una connexi\u00f3 aparentment correcta pot convertir-se, amb el temps, en l\u2019origen de fallades intermitents, problemes t\u00e8rmics o avaries prematures dif\u00edcils de diagnosticar. En sectors com l\u2019electr\u00f2nica industrial, l\u2019automoci\u00f3, les telecomunicacions o els dispositius […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":10390,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sense-categoria"],"yoast_head":"\nDefectes en soldadura PCB: cold joints i dry joints - BROQUETAS, S.L.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Com identificar i evitar cold joints i dry joints en PCB per millorar la qualitat i la fiabilitat en processos SMT i THT.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/broquetas.com\/ca\/defectes-soldadura-pcb-cold-joints-dry-joints\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Defectes en soldadura PCB: cold joints i dry joints - 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